Kyphosis

What is kyphosis?

Kyphosis is a condition where the upper back curves forward more than normal, creating a rounded or hunched appearance. It's sometimes called a "hunchback" or "roundback," and it can affect people of all ages, from children to older adults.

A normal spine has gentle curves that help with balance and movement. But when the upper curve becomes too steep—usually more than 50 degrees—it’s considered kyphosis. For some, the curve is mild and doesn’t cause any problems. For others, it can lead to back pain, stiffness or a noticeable change in posture.

Kyphosis can happen for different reasons. It may be caused by poor posture, injuries, weakened bones from osteoporosis or certain medical conditions. In kids and teens, it can also be related to a growth issue called Scheuermann’s disease.

Treatment depends on what’s causing the curve and how severe it is. Some people may just need physical therapy or exercises to improve posture. Others might need a back brace or surgery.

Types of kyphosis

There are different types of kyphosis, and each one has its own cause and treatment. Some types are more common in children and teenagers, while others usually appear later in life. Knowing which type you have can help guide the right care.

Postural kyphosis

This is the most common type and is usually caused by poor posture or slouching. It often shows up during the teenage years and is more common in girls than boys. The spine itself is still normal, and the curve usually improves with better posture, stretching and strengthening exercises.

Scheuermann’s kyphosis

This type happens when the bones in the spine grow unevenly during childhood. The front of the bones become wedge-shaped, which causes a more noticeable curve. It’s a structural issue and tends to be more rigid than postural kyphosis. It often shows up in teens and may need physical therapy, a back brace or sometimes surgery.

Congenital kyphosis

This type is present at birth. It happens when the bones in a baby’s spine don’t form the right way or are fused together. Congenital kyphosis can get worse as the child grows and usually needs to be watched closely by a specialist. In some cases, surgery may be needed early on.

Cervical kyphosis

This type affects the neck. Instead of curving slightly backward like it should, the neck curves forward or becomes too straight. This can cause a stiff, upright posture, sometimes called “military neck.” It may lead to neck pain, limited movement or nerve problems in more serious cases.

Hyperkyphosis

Hyperkyphosis means the curve in the spine is more severe than normal. It usually shows up in adults over 40 and is often linked to osteoporosis or spine fractures. As bones weaken or collapse, the curve can become more noticeable and may cause back pain, stiffness or trouble standing up straight.

Kyphosis symptoms

Kyphosis symptoms can range from mild to more serious, depending on how much the spine is curved and what causes it. Some people may not notice any symptoms at first, especially if the curve develops slowly over time.

Common signs of kyphosis include:

A rounded or hunched upper back
Head that leans forward or sits lower than the shoulders
Back pain or stiffness, especially in the upper or mid-back
Fatigue after standing or sitting for long periods
Tightness in the back or hamstrings
In more severe cases, trouble breathing or nerve problems

When to see a doctor

You should see your doctor if noticeable changes in your or your child’s spine concern you. Sometimes, children and teenagers are referred to a doctor for kyphosis after a scoliosis screening at school. The sooner you or your child gets a diagnosis, the earlier you can start treatment.

Kyphosis causes

Kyphosis can have different causes depending on your age, overall health and how the spine is affected. Some cases are related to posture, while others are caused by changes in the bones of the spine.

Common causes include:

Poor posture: Slouching over time, especially in teens, can lead to postural kyphosis.
Spinal development issues: Conditions like Scheuermann’s disease cause the bones in the spine to grow unevenly, leading to a curved back.
Congenital defects: Some babies are born with spine bones that didn’t form properly, which can cause kyphosis as they grow.
Osteoporosis: This bone-thinning condition can lead to weak or fractured vertebrae, especially in older adults.
Spinal injuries: Trauma or fractures in the spine can lead to a more severe forward curve.
Degenerative diseases: Conditions like arthritis can break down the spine over time and lead to kyphosis.

Doctor explaining kyphosis causes to a patient

Kyphosis risk factors

Your risk of getting kyphosis depends on your age and family history. Hyperkyphosis becomes more likely as you get older, while postural and Scheuermann’s kyphosis are more common in teenagers. Congenital kyphosis develops before birth.

Scheuermann’s and congenital kyphosis are structural problems without a clear cause. However, you’re more likely to get postural or hyperkyphosis if you have any of the following:

Connective tissue disorders: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and similar disorders affect the connective tissue supporting your bones.
Family history: Studies suggest some forms of kyphosis are partly caused by your genes.
Poor posture: Slouching can stretch the muscles and ligaments of the spine in children and adults. Physical inactivity and sitting for long periods can worsen your posture.
Sex: Females are more likely to have postural kyphosis, while Scheuermann’s kyphosis affects twice as many boys as girls.

Complications

If kyphosis becomes more severe or isn’t treated, it can lead to other health problems over time. Possible complications include:

Chronic back pain: A more pronounced curve can lead to long-term pain or discomfort
Breathing problems: In severe cases, the curve can press on the lungs and make it harder to breathe
Limited movement: Stiffness in the spine can affect posture, flexibility and daily activities
Nerve issues: In rare cases, the curve can pinch nerves, causing numbness or weakness in the arms or legs
Changes in appearance: A noticeable hunch or rounded back may affect confidence and self-esteem

Most people with kyphosis don’t develop serious complications, especially with early care. If you notice changes in posture, pain or other symptoms, talk with your doctor to help prevent long-term problems.

How is kyphosis diagnosed

If you or your child shows signs of kyphosis, your doctor will start with a thorough evaluation to understand the cause and severity of the curve. Diagnosing kyphosis involves several steps, including a medical history, physical exam and imaging tests. This helps your healthcare provider choose the best treatment plan for you.

Medical history and exam

During your initial visit, your doctor will perform a physical exam and want to know if you’re having symptoms, such as back pain, fatigue, chest pain or neurological problems related to a curve. If you have pain, they may want to know if it gets worse when you move.

For the physical exam, your doctor will look for an abnormal curve of your spine. They might press your spine to see if surrounding muscles feel sore or tender. They may also ask you to bend forward or lie down. In postural kyphosis, the curve often disappears when you lie down.

They might also look for any changes in your nervous system and test your reflexes.

Kyphosis treatment

Treatment for kyphosis depends on the type, cause and how severe the curve is. Many people with mild kyphosis manage their symptoms well with simple steps like exercise and posture correction. For more serious cases, additional treatments may be needed to reduce pain, improve posture and prevent the curve from getting worse.

Medication

Medicine can help relieve symptoms of kyphosis, especially if you're dealing with discomfort, inflammation or an underlying condition like osteoporosis. Treatment often includes one or both of the following:

Pain medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or naproxen are commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation. Acetaminophen may also help if inflammation isn’t a major issue. For more severe or ongoing pain, your doctor may prescribe stronger medications for short-term use to help you stay comfortable and active.
Medications for underlying conditions: If your kyphosis is caused or worsened by another health issue—like osteoporosis or arthritis—your doctor may recommend medications to treat that condition. For example, osteoporosis medications can help strengthen bones and reduce the risk of spine fractures. In some cases, anti-inflammatory or infection-fighting medications may also be needed.

Find care for kyphosis

At Baylor Scott & White, we have multiple locations across North and Central Texas to provide you with access to expert care. Our specialized centers include neurology and back and neck care, all designed to meet the unique needs of people who have been diagnosed with kyphosis. Whether you're seeking diagnostic testing, treatment options or ongoing support, our teams are here to help you.

Baylor Scott & White - Plano Brain and Spine Center

4708 Alliance Blvd Pavilion I, Ste 810, Plano, TX, 75093

Baylor Scott & White - Plano Brain and Spine Center

4708 Alliance Blvd Pavilion I, Ste 810, Plano, TX, 75093

What is kyphosis?

Types of kyphosis

Postural kyphosis

Scheuermann’s kyphosis

Congenital kyphosis

Cervical kyphosis

Hyperkyphosis

Kyphosis symptoms

When to see a doctor

Kyphosis causes

Kyphosis risk factors

Complications

How is kyphosis diagnosed

Medical history and exam

Kyphosis treatment

Medication

Find care for kyphosis

Frequently asked questions

Can kyphosis be prevented?

Can kyphosis be reversed?

Can kyphosis affect breathing?

Is kyphosis genetic?

Can bad posture cause kyphosis?

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